ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû
Ãëàâíàÿ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ðåêëàìå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèçèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèëîñîôèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèíàíñàì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî õèìèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî öèôðîâûì óñòðîéñòâàì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîìó ïðàâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîìó ìîäåëèðîâàíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî þðèñïðóäåíöèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ÿçûêîâåäåíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî þðèäè÷åñêèì íàóêàì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî èñòîðèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êîìïüþòåðíûì íàóêàì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåäèöèíñêèì íàóêàì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèíàíñîâûì íàóêàì
Ïñèõîëîãèÿ è ïåäàãîãèêà
Ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâî
Áèîëîãèÿ è õèìèÿ
ßçûêîçíàíèå ôèëîëîãèÿ
Èçäàòåëüñêîå äåëî è ïîëèãðàôèÿ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êðàåâåäåíèþ è ýòíîãðàôèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ðåëèãèè è ìèôîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåäèöèíå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñåêñîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíôîðìàòèêå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî áèîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìîñêâîâåäåíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèçêóëüòóðå è ñïîðòó
Òîïèêè ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìàòåìàòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìóçûêå
Îñòàëüíûå ðåôåðàòû
Ðåôåðàòû ïî àâèàöèè è êîñìîíàâòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîìó ïðàâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî àðáèòðàæíîìó ïðîöåññó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî àðõèòåêòóðå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî àñòðîíîìèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî áàíêîâñêîìó äåëó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî áèðæåâîìó äåëó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî áîòàíèêå è ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî áóõãàëòåðñêîìó ó÷åòó è àóäèòó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî âàëþòíûì îòíîøåíèÿì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî âåòåðèíàðèè
Ðåôåðàòû äëÿ âîåííîé êàôåäðû
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîãðàôèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîäåçèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîïîëèòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãîñóäàðñòâó è ïðàâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó è ïðîöåññó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî äåëîïðîèçâîäñòâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êðåäèòîâàíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî åñòåñòâîçíàíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî èñòîðèè òåõíèêè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî æóðíàëèñòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî çîîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíâåñòèöèÿì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíôîðìàòèêå
Èñòîðè÷åñêèå ëè÷íîñòè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êèáåðíåòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êîììóíèêàöèè è ñâÿçè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êîñìåòîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êðèìèíàëèñòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êðèìèíîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî íàóêå è òåõíèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êóëèíàðèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êóëüòóðîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî çàðóáåæíîé ëèòåðàòóðå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ëîãèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ëîãèñòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìàðêåòèíãó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ïóáëè÷íîìó ïðàâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ÷àñòíîìó ïðàâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåæäóíàðîäíûì îòíîøåíèÿì
Ðåôåðàòû ïî êóëüòóðå è èñêóññòâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåíåäæìåíòó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìåòàëëóðãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî íàëîãîîáëîæåíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ïåäàãîãèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ïîëèòîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ïðàâó
Áèîãðàôèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ïñèõîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ðèòîðèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñîöèîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñòàòèñòèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñòðàõîâàíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñòðîèòåëüñòâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñõåìîòåõíèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òàìîæåííîé ñèñòåìå
Ñî÷èíåíèÿ ïî ëèòåðàòóðå è ðóññêîìó ÿçûêó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òåîðèè ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðàâà
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òåîðèè îðãàíèçàöèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òåïëîòåõíèêå
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òåõíîëîãèè
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òîâàðîâåäåíèþ
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òðàíñïîðòó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òðóäîâîìó ïðàâó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî òóðèçìó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó è ïðîöåññó
Ðåôåðàòû ïî óïðàâëåíèþ

Ðåôåðàò: Íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè


Ðåôåðàò: Íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè

«Íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè»

Ïëàí

1. Çàãàëüíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ³ ñêëàä íóêëåîïðîòå¿ä³â.

2. Ñòðóêòóðí³ åëåìåíòè íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò:

à). íóêëåîçèä;

á). íóêëåîòèä;

â). íóêëå¿íîâà êèñëîòà.

3. Êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ³ áóäîâà íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò.

4. Á³îëîã³÷íà ðîëü íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò.

Íà îñîáëèâó óâàãó, çàâäÿêè âèêîíóâàíèì ôóíêö³ÿì, çàñëóãîâóþòü ñêëàäí³ á³ëêè – íóêëåîïðîòå¿äè.

Íóêëåîïðîòå¿äè ì³ñòÿòüñÿ â êîæí³é êë³òèí³ æèâîãî îðãàí³çìó, âõîäÿ÷è äî ñêëàäó êë³òèííèõ ÿäåð, ñóáêë³òèííèõ ñòðóêòóð.

Íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè áóëè â³äêðèò³ øâåéöàðñüêèì â÷åíèì ̳øåðîì ².Ô. ³ç ÿäåð êë³òèí ãíîþ ó âèãëÿä³ á³ëêîâî¿ ñïîëóêè íóêëå¿íó.

Âèâ÷àþ÷è áóäîâó áóëî âñòàíîâëåíî, ùî ïðè ã³äðîë³ç³ íóêëåîïðîòå¿äè ðîçïàäà-þòüñÿ íà á³ëêîâèé êîìïîíåíò òà íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè.

Íóêëåîïðîòå¿äè – ñêëàäí³ á³ëêè ïðîñòåòè÷íîþ ãðóïîþ ÿêèõ º íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè. Á³ëêîâèé òà ïðîñòåòè÷íèé êîìïîíåíòè çâ‘ÿçàí³ ì³æ ñîáîþ çà äîïîìî-ãîþ åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íèõ, âîäíåâèõ ³ êîîðäèíàö³éíèõ çâ‘ÿçê³â.

 çàëåæíîñò³ â³ä áóäîâè ïðîñòåòè÷íî¿ ãðóïè, íóêëåîïðîòå¿äè ïîä³ëÿþòü íà :

äåçîêñèðèáîíóêëåîïðîòå¿äè – ïðîñòåòè÷íà ãðóïà ÿêèõ ÄÍÊ;

ðèáîíóêëåîïðîòå¿äè – ïðîñòåòè÷íîþ ãðóïîþ ÿêèõ º ÐÍÊ.

ßâëÿþ÷èñü ïðîñòåòè÷íèìè ãðóïàìè íóêëåîïðîòå¿í³â ñàìå íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè çáåð³ãàþòü (ÄÍÊ) ³ ïåðåäàþòü (ÐÍÊ) ñïàäêîâó ³íôîðìàö³þ.

Íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè – âèñîêîìîëåêóëÿðí³ îðãàí³÷í³ ñïîëóêè ÿê³ ïîáóäîâàí³ ç âåëèêî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ìîíîíóêëåîòèä³â. Ïðè ã³äðîë³ç³ ðîçêëàäàþòüñÿ äî àçîòèñòèõ îñíîâ, ïåíòîç ³ ôîñôîðíî¿ êèñëîòè.

 ã³äðîë³çàò³ íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò áóëî çíàéäåíî 5 àçîòèñòèõ îñíîâ, äâ³ ç íèõ, àäåí³í ³ ãóàí³í – ïîõ³äí³ ãåòåðîöèêë³÷íî¿ ñïîëóêè ïóðèíó òîìó ¿õ íàçèâàþòü ïóðèíîâèìè àçîòèñòèìè îñíîâàìè:

                                                           NH2                        OH

 N                          N         N                    N        N                 N        

                                                                                                                  

                       N      NH                     N     NH    H2N      N      NH           

                      ïóðèí                         àäåí³í                         ãóàí³í          

                                                  (6–àì³íîïóðèí)           (2–àì³íî–6–îêñèïóðèí)

²íø³ òðè – ïîõ³äí³ øåñòè÷ëåííîãî ãåòåðîöèêëó ï³ðèì³äèíó, òîìó ¿õ íàçèâàþòü ï³ðèì³äèíîâèìè îñíîâàìè (óðàöèë, òèì³í, öèòîçèí):

                                     OH                    OH                           NH2

                                                                       CH3                                              

     N                     N                        N                              N                       

                                                                                                                  

   N     HO                   N        HO         N               HO          N      

     ï³ðèì³äèí           óðàöèë               òèì³í                           öèòîçèí     

Óðàöèë çà ñèñòåìàòè÷íîþ íîìåíêëàòóðîþ ìຠíàçâó – (2,4-äèîêñ³ï³ðèì³äèí), òèì³í – (5-ìåòèë-2,4-äèîêñ³ï³ðèì³äèí), öèòîçèí – (2– îêñ³–4–àì³íîï³ðèì³äèí).

Êð³ì àçîòèñòèõ îñíîâ â ã³äðîë³çàò³ òàêîæ çíàéøëè çàëèøêè ïåíòîç, à ñàìå ðèáîçè ³ äåçîêñèðèáîçè ó âèãëÿä³ –àíîìåð³â:

HOCH2           O           OH                                      HOCH2   O         OH

                   H       H                                                              H      H          

              H                      H                                             H                   H            

                 OH          OH                                                 HO              H               

          –ðèáîôóðàíîçà                                                –äåçîêñèðèáîôóðàíîçà     

Ïîð³âíþþ÷è ÿê³ñíèé ³ ê³ëüê³ñíèé ñêëàä ã³äðîë³çàò³â íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò, â÷åí³ ïîì³òèëè äåÿê³ â³äì³ííîñò³:

I–é òèï ã³äðîë³çàò³â                                   II–é òèï ã³äðîë³çàò³â

Äåçîêñèðèáîçà                                          Ðèáîçà

àäåí³í                                                         àäåí³í

ãóàí³í                                                         ãóàí³í

öèòîçèí                                                      öèòîçèí

ôîñôîðíà êèñëîòà                                     ôîñôîðíà êèñîòà

òèì³í                                                          óðàöèë

I–é òèï ã³äðîë³çàò³â ì³ñòèòü âóãëåâîä äåçîêñèðèáîçó, òîìó ö³ëèé ðÿä íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò ùî ìàþòü ã³äðîë³çàò òàêîãî òèïó áóëî íàçâàíî äåçîêñèðèáîíóêëå¿íîâè-ìè (ÄÍÊ).

II–é òèï ã³äðîë³çàò³â ì³ñòèòü âóãëåâîäíåâèé êîìïîíåíò ðèáîçó, òîìó íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè ùî éîãî ì³ñòÿòü íàçèâàþòü ðèáîíóêëå¿íîâèìè (ÐÍÊ) êèñëîòàìè.

Ñòðóêòóðíîþ ÷àñòèíîþ íóêëå¿íîâî¿ êèñëîòè º íóêëåîòèä äî ñêëàäó ÿêîãî âõîäÿòü àçîòèñòà îñíîâà, âóãëåâîä ³ ôîñôîðíà êèñëîòà.

 ðåçóëüòàò³ âçàºìî䳿 ã³äðîêñèëó âóãëåâîäó (ðèáîçè ÷è äåçîêñèðèáîçè) ÿêèé çíàõîäèòüñÿ á³ëÿ ïåðøîãî àòîìà âóãëåöþ ç àòîìîì âîäíþ á³ëÿ 9-ãî àòîìà àçîòó àçîòèñòî¿ îñíîâè ç óòâîðåííÿì íîâîãî çâ‘ÿçêó N–H ( â ðåçóëüòàò³ â³äùåïëåííÿ ìîëåêóëè âîäè), óòâîðþºòüñÿ íóêëåîçèä.


                                                           NH2                                                          

                                                    N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

                                                            N     N                                                      

                                                                   H                                                      

                                                                                                                            

        HOCH2      O                 OH                                                                       

                   H       H                                                                                   

              H                      H                                                                         

                 OH          OH                                                                             

                                                           NH2                                                          

                                                    N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

                                                            N     N                                                      

                                                                                      + H2O                           

                                                                                                                            

        HOCH2      O                                                                                              

                   H       H                          Íóêëåîçèä – àäåíîçèí                             

              H                      H                                                                                   

                 OH          OH                                                                                      

ßêùî â óòâîðåíí³ íóêëåíîçèäó áåðå ó÷àñòü àçîòèñòà îñíîâà ãóàí³í, òî íóêëåîçèä áóäå ìàòè íàçâó – ãóàíîçèí; ÿêùî óðàöèë – óðèäèí; öèòîçèí – öèòèäèí; òèì³í – òèì³äèí.

 ðåçóëüòàò³ ïðèºäíàííÿ ôîñôîðíî¿ êèñëîòè äî 5–¿ ã³äðîêñèëüíî¿ ãðóïè ïåíòîçè â ñêëàä³ íóêëåîçèäó çà ðàõóíîê ñêëàäíîåô³ðíîãî çâ‘ÿçêó, óòâîðþºòüñÿ ñòðóêòóð-íà ÷àñòèíà íóêëå¿íîâî¿ êèñëîòè – íóêëåîòèä.


                                                           NH2                                                          

                                                    N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

                     OH                                 N     N                                                      

          HO–P=O                                                                                                   

+                    OH                                                                                                

        HOCH2      O                                                                                              

                   H       H                                                                                            

              H                      H                                                                                   

                 OH          OH                                                                                      

                                                           NH2                                                          

                                                    N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

OH                                                      N     N                                            

O=P                                                                                                           

OH    O                                                                                    + H2O                 

             CH2      O                                                                                                

                   H       H                Íóêëåîòèä – àäåí³ëîâà êèñëîòà.                     

              H                      H                                                                                   

                 OH          OH                                                                                      

ßêáè â óòâîðåíí³ íóêëåîòèäó áðàâ ó÷àñòü íóêëåîçèä ãóàíîçèí, òî íàçâà íóêëåî-òèäó áóëà á â³äïîâ³äíî – ãóàí³ëîâà êèñëîòà; óðèäèí – óðèäèëîâà êèñëîòà; öèòèäèí – öèòèäèíîâà êèñëîòà; òèì³äèí – òèì³äèíîâà êèñëîòà.

Äî ñêëàäó ìîëåêóëè íóêëå¿íîâî¿ êèñëîòè ìîæå âõîäèòè â³ä 80 äî 1000000 íóêëåîòèäíèõ çàëèøê³â ÿê³ çâ‘ÿçóþòüñÿ ì³æ ñîáîþ çâ‘ÿçêàìè, ùî óòâîðþþòüñÿ â ðåçóëüòàò³ âçàºìî䳿 3-¿ ñïèðòîâî¿ ãðóïè ïåíòîçè îäíîãî íóêëåîòèäó òà ôîñôîð-íîãî ã³äðîêñèëó ùî çíàõîäèòüñÿ á³ëÿ 5-ãî àòîìà âóãëåöþ ïåíòîçè äðóãîãî íóêëåîòèäó, óòâîðþþ÷è ïðè öüîìó ìîëåêóëó íóêëå¿íîâî¿ êèñëîòè. Îñòàííÿ ÿâëÿºòüñÿ ïðîñòåòè÷íîþ ãðóïîþ íóêëåîïðîòå¿äó, á³ëêîâîþ ÷àñòèíîþ ÿêîãî íàé÷àñò³øå âèñòóïàþòü ïðîòàì³íè ³ ã³ñòîíè.

                                                           NH2                                                          

                                                    N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

OH                                                      N     N                                                      

O=P                                                                                                                     

OH    O                                                       Íóêëåîòèä – àäåí³ëîâà êèñëîòà   

             CH2      O                                                                                                

                    H       H                                                                                            

              H                      H                                                                                   

                 OH         OH                                                                                      

                                                           OH                                                            

          +                                        N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

OH                                          H2N     N     N                                                      

O=P                                                                                                                     

OH    O                                                                                                                

             CH2      O                                                                                                

                   H       H                Íóêëåîòèä – ãóàí³ëîâà êèñëîòà.                     

              H                      H                                                                                   

                 OH          OH                                      


                                                         NH2                                                            

                                                    N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

OH                                                      N     N                                                      

O=P                                                                                                                     

OH    O                                                                                                                

             CH2      O                                                                                                

                   H       H                                                                                            

              H                      H                                                                                   

                                OH                                                                                      

                                                           OH                                                            

          Π                                      N                 N                                                 

                                                                                                                           

                                                H2N     N     N                + Í2Π                          

O=P                                                                                                                     

OH    O                                                                                                                

             CH2      O                                                                                                

                   H       H                          Äèíóêëåîòèä                                             

              H                      H                                                                                   

                 OH          OH                                                                                      

Îòæå: íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè – ïðèðîäí³ á³îïîë³ìåðè ÿê³ ñêëàäàþòüñÿ ç äóæå âåëèêî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ íóêëåîòèä³â (ìîíîìåð³â).

ÄÍÊ ³íñóë³íó ëþäèíè ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç 2860 íóêëåîòèä³â;

ÄÍÊ ñîìàòîòðîï³íó – 15000 íóêëåîòèä³â;

ÄÍÊ ì³òîõîíäð³é – 30000 íóêëåîòèä³â.

Ïîñê³ëüêè íóêëå¿íîâ³ êèñëîòè º ñêëàäíèìè á³ëêàìè, òî äëÿ íèõ òàêîæ âëàñòèâèé âèñîêèé ð³âåíü îðãàí³çàö³¿.

ϳä ïåðâèííîþ ñòðóêòóðîþ  ðîçóì³þòü ïîðÿäîê ÷åðãóâàííÿ íóêëåîòèä³â ó ïîë³-íóêëåîòèäíèõ ëàíöþãàõ.

Äëÿ êîæíî¿ íóêëå¿íîâî¿ êèñëîòè õàðàêòåðíà ñâîÿ ïåðâèííà ñòðóêòóðà, ÿêà ³ âèçíà÷ຠâèäîâó ñïåöèô³÷í³ñòü æèâèõ îðãàí³çì³â.

Áóäîâà ÄÍÊ

Ïîñê³ëüêè ÄÍÊ – ñêëàäí³ á³ëêè íóêëåîïðîòå¿äè, òî âîíè õàðàêòåðèçóþòüñÿ âåëè-êèìè ìîëåêóëÿðíèìè ìàñàìè (100000–3000000) òà âåëèêîþ ê³ëüê³ñòþ ìîíî-íóêëåîòèä³â (80 – 100000).

Âñ³ ìîíîíóêëåîòèäè ÿê³ñíî ïðåäñòàâëåí³ 4-ìà ïðåäñòàâíèêàìè äî ñêëàäó ÿêèõ âõîäèòü äåçîêñèðèáîçà: äåçîêñèàäåí³ëîâà êèñëîòà (À), äåçîêñèãóàí³ëîâà êèñëîòà (Ã), äåçîêñèöèòèäèíîâà (Ö), äåçîêñèòèì³äèíîâà (Ò).

Çâ‘ÿçóþ÷èñü ì³æ ñîáîþ 3–5 ôîñôîåô³ðíèìè çâ‘ÿçêàìè âîíè óòâîðþþòü ïîë³-íóêëåîòèäíèé ëàíöþã ÄÍÊ.

Äîñë³äæóþ÷è áóäîâó ìîëåêóëè ÄÍÊ çà äîïîìîãîþ ðåíòãåíîñòðóêòóðíîãî, òà ³í-øèõ âèä³â àíàë³çó, áóëî âñòàíîâëåíî ùî:

1. Ìîëåêóëà ÄÍÊ ñêëàäàºòüñÿ ç äâîõ àíòèïàðàëåëüíèõ ëàíöþã³â.

2. Àçîòèñò³ îñíîâè îáîõ ïîë³ïåïòèäíèõ ëàíöþã³â çíàõîäÿòüñÿ â ñåðåäèí³ óÿâíîãî ïðîñòîðîâîãî öèë³íäðó, ïåíòîçè òà çàëèøêè ôîñôîðíî¿ êèñëîòè – ççîâí³.

3. Àçîòèñò³ îñíîâè ïîë³ïåïòèäíèõ ëàíöþã³â ðîçì³ùåí³ ïî ïðèíöèïó êîìïëåìåí-òàðíîñò³ (âçàºìîäîïîâíåííÿ). Öÿ çàêîíîì³ðí³ñòü â³äîìà ï³ä íàçâîþ ïðàâèëà ×àðãàôôà.


Ïðàâèëî ×àðãàôôà

3.1.Ïóðèíîâ³ àçîòèñò³ îñíîâè îäíîãî ïîë³ïåïòèäíîãî ëàíöþãà ðîçì³ùóþòüñÿ ïðîòè ï³ðèì³äèíîâèõ îñíîâ äðóãîãî ïîë³ïåïòèäíîãî ëàíöþãà. Àäåí³í ïðîòè òèì³íó (ñòàá³ë³çóºòüñÿ äâîìà âîäíåâèìè çâ‘ÿçêàìè); ãóàí³í ïðîòè öèòîçèíó (ñòàá³ë³çóºòüñÿ òðüîìà âîäíåâèìè çâ‘ÿçêàìè).

Íàñë³äêè ïðàâèëà ×àðãàôôà

 ìîëåêóë³ ÄÍÊ ñóìà ïóðèíîâèõ îñíîâ ð³âíà ñóì³ ï³ðèì³äèíîâèõ: À+Ã=Ò+Ö;

=1

ʳëüê³ñòü àäåí³íó äîð³âíþº ê³ëüêîñò³ òèì³íó (À=Ò), ãóàí³íó äîð³âíþº öèòîçèíó (Ã=Ö). Ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ ñóì ïàð À+Ò ³ Ã+Ö íîñèòü íàçâó êîåô³ö³ºíòà ñïåöè-ô³÷íîñò³ ³ º îäí³ºþ ç íàéâàæëèâ³øèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ÄÍÊ. Êîåô³ö³ºíò ñïåöèô³÷-íîñò³ áóâ â³äêðèòèé ó 1962 ðîö³ Á³ëîçåðñüêèì ³ Ñï³ðê³íèì ³ ñóòü éîãî ïîëÿãຠó ñë³äóþ÷îìó:

1) ßêùî   1, òî ìîëåêóëà ÄÍÊ –– ÀÒ–òèïó, õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ îðãàí³çì³â âèùèõ òâàðèí òà ðîñëèí.

2) ßêùî   1, òî ìîëåêóëà ÄÍÊ ––ÃÖ–òèïó, õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ì³êðîîðãàí³çì³â.

Îòæå:1.Ìîëåêóëà ÄÍÊ âîëî䳺 ïåðâèííîþ, âòîðèííîþ, òðåòèííîþ ñòðóêòóðàìè.

2.ÄÍÊ– ëîêàë³çîâàíà â õðîìîñîìàõ êë³òèííèõ ÿäåð.

3.ÄÍÊ çâ‘ÿçàí³ ç á³ëêàìè îñíîâíîãî õàðàêòåðó – ã³ñòîíàìè.

4.ÄÍÊ çäàòí³ äî ñàìîâ³äòâîðåííÿ â ðåçóëüòàò³ ïðîöåñó ðåïë³êàö³¿.

5.ÄÍÊ–îñíîâíèé íîñ³é ³íôîðìàö³¿ ïðî áóäîâó ³ ñòðóêòóðó á³ëê³â îðãàí³çìó.

Áóäîâà ÐÍÊ

Ìr(ÐÍÊ)=10000–16000000. Ïîë³íóêëåîòèä ÐÍÊ ì³ñòèòü  2–3000000 ìîíîíóêëåî-òèä³â. Â÷åí³ âñòàíîâèëè ùî:

1. Äî ñêëàäó íóêëåîòèä³â ÐÍÊ âõîäèòü ðèáîçà.

2. Íóêëåîòèäè ÿê³ñíî ïðåäñòàâëåí³ àäåí³ëîâàîþ, ãóàí³ëîâîþ, öèòèäèíîâîþ òà óðàöèëîâîþ êèñëîòàìè.

3. Íóêëåîòèäè çâ‘ÿçàí³ ì³æ ñîáîþ 3–5 ôîñôîåô³ðíèìè çâ‘ÿçêàìè â îäíîëàíöþãî-âèé ïîë³ïåïòèäíèé ëàíöþã.

4. Ïîë³ïåïòèäíèé ëàíöþã ñï³ðàë³çîâàíèé ëèøå íà êîðîòêèõ ä³ëÿíêàõ.

5. Îñíîâíå ì³ñöå ëîêàë³çàö³¿ – âíóòð³êë³òèííèé ïðîñò³ð.

6. ʳëüê³ñòü ÐÍÊ ïîñò³éíî çì³íþºòüñÿ ³ çàëåæèòü â³ä ³íòåíñèâíîñò³ ïðîöåñ³â ñèíòåçó á³ëêà.

Çàëåæíî â³ä âèêîíóâàíèõ ôóíêö³é ìîëåêóëè ÐÍÊ ïîä³ëÿþòüñÿ íà :

Ìàòðè÷í³ ÐÍÊ (Ìr =25000–1000000) – ì³ñòÿòü â³ä 75 äî 3000 íóêëåîòèä³â. Ñòàíîâëÿòü 2 % â³ä çàãàëüíîãî âì³ñòó ÐÍÊ êë³òèíè. Âèñòóïàþòü ïîñåðåäíèêàìè ì³æ ìîëåêóëàìè ÄÍÊ  òà ÐÍÊ ðèáîñîì íà ÿêèõ â³äáóâàºòüñÿ á³îñèíòåç á³ëêà. Øâèäêî ñèíòåçóþòüñÿ ³ ðîçïàäàþòüñÿ.

Òðàíñïîðòí³ ÐÍÊ (Ìr=25000–31000) – ì³ñòÿòü 70–90 íóêëåîòèä³â. Ñòàíîâëÿòü 10 – 15 % âñ³õ ÐÍÊ êë³òèíè. Òðàíñïîðòóþòü àì³íîêèñëîòè äî ì³ñöÿ çáîðêè ìîëåêóëè á³ëêà.

Ðèáîñîìàëüí³ ÐÍÊ (Ìr= 500000–16000000) ì³ñòÿòü 1500–4500 íóêëåîòèä³â. Ñòàíîâëÿòü 80–90% âñ³õ ÐÍÊ êë³òèíè. ̳ñòÿòüñÿ â ðèáîñîìàõ (îðãàíî¿ä äå ïðî-õîäèòü á³îñèíòåç á³ëêà). ¯õ ðîëü äî ê³íöÿ íå ç‘ÿñîâàíà.

Îòæå: ìîëåêóëè ÄÍÊ º íîñ³ÿìè ³íôîðìàö³¿ ïðî áóäîâó ³ ñòðóêòóðó á³ëê³â; ìîëåêóëè ÐÍÊ ñïðèÿþòü òî÷íîìó çíÿòòþ ³íôîðìàö³¿ ç ÄÍÊ ³ â³äòâîðåíí³ ¿¿ â ìîëåêóë³ á³ëêà.

Ïèòàííÿ äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëþ.

1.Ñêëàä íóêëåîïðîòå¿ä³â ÄÍÊ.

2.Ñêëàä íóêëåîïðîòå¿ä³â ÐÍÊ.

3.Ïîíÿòòÿ íóêëåîçèäó ³ íóêëåîòèäó.

4.Êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ íóêëå¿íîâèõ êèñëîò.

5.Áóäîâà òà ð³âí³ îðãàí³çàö³¿ ÄÍÊ.

6.Áóäîâà òà ð³âí³ îðãàí³çàö³¿ ÐÍÊ.

7. Ïðàâèëà ×àðãàôôà, éîãî íàñë³äêè.

8. Ñóòü êîåô³ö³ºíòó ñïåöèô³÷íîñò³.

9. Âèäè ÐÍÊ òà ôóíêö³¿ ÿê³ âîíè âèêîíóþòü.



© 2009 ÐÅÔÅÐÀÒÛ
ðåôåðàòû